Is the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic an “act of God”? It may sound like a philosophical or theological question – but it’s very likely to be a legal one. Why? Because the occurrence of an act of God potentially extinguishes liability for a party in breach of a contract.
An act of God designation can be legally significant in the following ways:
- Contractual force majeure – Traditional force majeure language often includes an act of God in the delineation of force majeure events
- Impossibility – Common law recognizes the defense of impossibility to excuse some contractual breaches, often invoking the act of God concept
- Impracticability – Act of God may be a relevant factor in determining whether performance has become impracticable within the common law or the Uniform Commercial Code
Contractual Force Majeure
The concepts of force majeure and act of God are intertwined – indeed, force majeure literally means a higher power or superior force. But not all force majeure events are acts of God, nor vice versa. Instead, an act of God is typically identified as one of several events that could trigger an excuse for nonperformance under a force majeure provision.
Take for example the force majeure provision in Tug Blarney LLC v. Ridge Contracting Inc., which provided:
Neither C&K nor the Tug shall be responsible for any loss or damage, or delay or failure in performing hereunder arising from: act of God, act of war, act of public enemies, pirates or thieves, arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, dictators, or people, or seizure under legal process …; strikes or lockouts or stoppages or restraints of labor from whatever cause, either partial or general; or riot or civil commotion.
As illustrated here, act of God is usually just one of a series of enumerated unfortunate events that parties imagine at the onset of a contractual relationship that may disrupt their performance down the road.
Impossibility
Even if a contract lacks a force majeure provision, contractual counterparties may nevertheless be able to rely on the common-law doctrine of “impossibility of performance” as a defense to excuse delay or nonperformance. For example, Georgia has codified this doctrine at O.C.G.A. § 13-4-21, specifically invoking “act of God” in the statutory language: “[i]f performance of the terms of a contract becomes impossible as a result of an ‘act of God,’ such impossibility shall excuse nonperformance, except where, by proper prudence, such impossibility might have been avoided by the promisor.”
Impracticability
The impracticability defense is similar to the impossibility defense but is invoked when an unanticipated circumstance has made performance of the contractual promise vitally different from what should reasonably have been within the contemplation of both parties when they entered into the contract. While not all states recognize impracticability as a common-law doctrine, the Uniform Commercial Code has codified it at U.C.C. § 2-615. Additionally, the Restatement (Second) of Contracts recognizes the defense of commercial impracticability and specifically references an “act of God” in its definition in Section 261. According to the Restatement, to prevail on a defense of commercial impracticability, a party must show that a supervening event, either an act of God or an act of a third party, made performance impracticable and that the event was not foreseeable or the fault of either party.
So What Is an Act of God?
The term “act of God” has endured from ancient law and is said to “comprehend all misfortunes and accidents arising from inevitable necessity which human prudence could not foresee or prevent.” Black’s Law Dictionary defines an “act of God” as “[a]n overwhelming, unpreventable event caused exclusively by forces of nature, such as an earthquake, flood, or tornado.”
An economic crisis is not an act of God
While the definition of act of God is broad enough to cover any number of “misfortunes and accidents,” courts have developed patterns of rulings to establish what are not acts of God. Economic downturns, no matter how severe, are not recognized by courts as acts of God. In Langham-Hill Petroleum Inc. v. Southern Fuels Co., the court found that a dramatic drop in world oil prices did not constitute an act of God to trigger a force majeure clause in an oil purchase agreement, despite the court’s “sympathy for [the party’s] plight.” The court explained that “[a] force majeure clause is not intended to buffer a party against the normal risks of a contract.”
Similarly, courts found that the impossibility defense was unavailable to a party seeking to excuse nonperformance because of the 2008 economic crisis: “The economic downturn of 2008 was not an ‘act of God.’” Courts remain consistent on the principle that mere economic misfortune is usually not within the scope of an act of God.
A natural phenomenon can be an act of God
On the other hand, it is generally not a stretch for a court to designate a natural phenomenon – such as an extreme weather event – as an act of God. Multiple courts found Hurricane Katrina to be an act of God. And even less extreme weather events, like abnormally cold weather, can meet the definition if they are unusual and unexpected.
The unknown and unexpected
But between the fairly bright lines of no act of God for economic downturns and yes act of God for adverse weather events lies a vast gray area of ambiguity for events that may fall somewhere in between. A few examples:
- A sudden power failure at a wedding on a hot summer night?
- An act of God
- An unexplained sinking of a ship?
- Not an act of God
- A rat infestation of a grocery store?
- Maybe an act of God, depending on the degree of human preventability
The body of act of God case law can be as confounding and unpredictable as acts of God themselves.
Where Does COVID-19 Fall?
There is a dearth of case law interpreting act of God language in the context of pandemics or viral outbreaks. Doubtless, parties whose contractual performance will have been hindered by the coronavirus pandemic will invoke act of God as a contractual or common-law defense, reasoning that an unknown and unexpected natural phenomenon occurred such that their nonperformance of a contractual obligation should be excused. Meanwhile, parties seeking to enforce contracts or impose liability may seize on the economic fallout of the outbreak and argue that the actual hindering force was not the coronavirus, but its economic effects.
One clue for guidance in the contract setting may be the other events listed as force majeure: many courts interpreting force majeure provisions will look to the specific examples of force majeure events to cabin the interpretation of the broader terms, such as act of God.
Therefore, determining whether a pandemic or viral outbreak may be an act of God could depend on what other misfortunes the parties imagined would excuse obligations under the contract. In any event, it will depend on the particulars of the contract language, the circumstances of nonperformance, and the degree of preventability. As to certain legal outcomes? God only knows.
Alston & Bird has formed a multidisciplinary task force to advise clients on the business and legal implications of the coronavirus (COVID-19). You can view all our work on the coronavirus across industries and subscribe to our future webinars and advisories.